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首页> 外文期刊>Journal of Arboriculture >A review of sampling procedures available for IPM decision-making of forest and shade tree insects in North America
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A review of sampling procedures available for IPM decision-making of forest and shade tree insects in North America

机译：审查可用于北美森林和遮荫树虫IPM决策的采样程序

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs attempt to reduce insect associated losses to acceptable levels using multiple techniques that are effective, economically viable, and ecologically compatible. Sampling is the cornerstone of any IPM program, and significant effort has been devoted to the development, theory, and application of sampling methods. Relatively few IPM programs exist for managing forest and shade tree pests despite the availability of sampling procedures that are potentially useful for control decision-making. The majority of these sampling procedures are published on defoliating insects (58% of all publications). The most commonly referenced defoliators are the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.); Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough); spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); and western spruce budworm, C. occidentalis Freeman. These four species alone account for 35% of all sampling publications relevant to IPM programs. The second largest group is bud, shoot, and root insects (16%) followed closely by wood- and bark-boring insects (11%). The piercing-sucking feeding group (10%) and seed and cone insects (5%) have relatively few sampling procedures available. Ninety-two percent of the species represented are predominately forest pests, with the order Lepidoptera and family Tortricidae most commonly reported. A significant opportunity exists for developing similar tools to aid in control decision-making for a large number of other pests. Current trends suggest that efforts should concentrate on species important to the urban forest and intensively managed forest plantations.
机译：病虫害综合治理（IPM）计划尝试使用有效，经济可行和生态兼容的多种技术将与昆虫相关的损失降低到可接受的水平。采样是任何IPM程序的基石，并且已经在采样方法的开发，理论和应用上投入了大量精力。尽管有可能对控制决策有用的采样程序，但用于管理森林和遮荫树害虫的IPM程序相对较少。这些采样程序大多数是在落叶昆虫上发表的（占所有出版物的58％）。最常被引用的落叶是吉卜赛蛾，Lymantria dispar（L.）。道格拉斯冷杉草蛾，Orgyia pseudotsugata（McDunnough）;云杉芽虫，Choristoneura fumiferana（Clemens）;和西方云杉芽虫C. occidentalis Freeman。仅这四个物种就占与IPM计划有关的所有采样出版物的35％。第二大类是芽，枝和根类昆虫（16％），其次是木和树皮无聊昆虫（11％）。穿刺吸食组（10％）和种锥虫（5％）的采样程序相对较少。所代表物种中的92％主要是森林害虫，最常见的是鳞翅目和and科。存在开发类似工具以帮助控制大量其他害虫的决策的重要机会。当前的趋势表明，努力应集中在对城市森林和集约经营的森林人工林重要的物种上。

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