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The influence of attentional focus on the development of skill representation in a complex action

机译：注意焦点对复杂动作中技能表征发展的影响

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Recent research has indicated that performers' mental representation of a motor skill changes over the course of learning. In the present study, we sought to ascertain whether the type of instructions (instructions that emphasize either an internal or external focus of attention) influences the development of skill representation during motor learning. Design: Participants without golf experience were recruited to practice a golf putting task over the course of three training days. Participants were randomly assigned to either an internal focus (focus on the swing of the arms; n = 10) or external focus (focus on the speed of the ball roll; n = 10) learning group. Changes in putting performance and mental representation structure were assessed over the course of learning, as well as during a follow-up retention test two days after practice. Methods: Mental representation structure was measured employing the structural dimensional analysis of mental representations (SDA-M), which provided psychometric data on the structure of the mental representation in long-term memory. Additionally, the change in putting accuracy and consistency was recorded over the course of learning. Results: Findings indicated that the external focus group performed with greater accuracy and consistency during training, and revealed a larger degree of development in their mental representation of the putting task. Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that facilitating the link between an action and its effect by means of an external focus is crucial for motor performance as well as the development of skill representation.
机译：最近的研究表明，表演者对运动技能的心理表现在学习过程中会发生变化。在本研究中，我们试图确定指令的类型（强调内部或外部注意焦点的指令）是否影响运动学习过程中技能表征的发展。设计：招募没有高尔夫经验的参与者在三个训练日内练习高尔夫推杆任务。参与者被随机分配到内部焦点（专注于手臂的挥杆; n = 10）或外部焦点（专注于滚球的速度; n = 10）学习组。在学习过程中以及练习后两天的随访保留测试中，评估了推杆表现和心理表征结构的变化。方法：采用心理表征的结构维度分析法（SDA-M）对心理表征结构进行测量，该分析提供了长期记忆中心理表征结构的心理测量数据。此外，在学习过程中记录了推杆准确性和一致性的变化。结果：调查结果表明，外部焦点小组在训练过程中表现出更高的准确性和一致性，并显示出他们在推杆任务中的心理表现能力得到了更大的发展。结论：总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，通过外部关注来促进动作与其效果之间的联系对于运动表现以及技能表征的发展至关重要。

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