农业生态学

Contents
Part Ⅰ Context of Agroecology
Chapter 1 Agriculture and Its Anthropocentric Sciences 3
1.1 Introduction and the Anthropocene Era 3
1.2 What Are the “Hot” Issues in Agriculture and Food System? 5
1.3 Agriculture, Agricultural Sustainability, and Agroecology 6
1.4 Corn as a Symbol of Agroecology 14
Chapter 2 Natural Ecosystems Versus Agroecosystems 17
2.1 Expanding Our Understanding of “Ecology” 17
2.2 Natural Versus Agricultural Ecosystems 19
2.3 Energy Flow and Matter Cycle in a Natural Ecosystem 22
2.4 Agroecosystems Harvest the Sun 24
2.5 Matter Cycle and Agroecosystems 25
2.6 Ecological Footprint 26
Part Ⅱ Basics of Agroecosystems
Chapter 3 Soils as the Basis for Cultivated Ecosystems 31
3.1 Introduction 32
3.2 Formation and Classification of Soils 32
3.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Soils 33
3.4 Soil Characteristics 35
Chapter 4 Water as the Basis for Cultivated Ecosystems 47
4.1 Water Resources in the Global Ecosystem 47
4.2 Water in Agroecosystems 50
4.3 Aspects of Water Management in Agroecosystems 54
Chapter 5 Linking Agroecosystems to Food Systems 57
5.1 Food Systems in Association with Agroecosystem 57
5.2 Agroecological Transition: Making Money and Respecting the Environment 58
5.3 Concept of Sweet Spot 61
5.4 Educating Consumers with Agroecology 61
Chapter 6 Agroecosystem Health and Services 63
6.1 What Is Ecosystem Health and How Does It Relate to Ecosystem Services? 64
6.2 Evaluating Agroecosystem Health and Services 71
Part Ⅲ Digging Deeper into Agroecosystems
Chapter 7 Agroecology and Hunger 79
7.1 Hunger Concepts and Definitions 80
7.2 Causes for Hunger 83
7.3 Green Revolutions 88
Chapter 8 Wastes or Resources in Agroecosystems? 93
8.1 What Are Resources and Wastes in Agroecosystems? 94
8.2 Resources in Agroecosystems 95
8.3 Waste in Agroecosystems 96
8.4 Compost: Making It 98
8.5 Vermicomposting 105
8.6 Agricultural Uses of Compost 105
Chapter 9 Global Climate Change and Agriculture 107
9.1 What Is the Evidence for Climate Change? 107
9.2 What Is the Greenhouse Effect and How Is It Related to Climate Change? 110
9.3 Other Greenhouse Gases 114
9.4 Agriculture’s Contribution to the Greenhouse Gases and Global Climate Change 116
9.5 Impacts of Global Climate Change on Agriculture 117
Chapter 10 Agrobiodiversity and Agroecosystem Stability 123
10.1 Biodiversity and Its Associated Ecosystem Services 123
10.2 Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 128
10.3 Regenerating Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 131
Part Ⅳ Application of Agroecosystem Concepts
Chapter 11 Domestication in Agricultural Systems 141
11.1 Introduction 141
11.2 Adaptations for Wild Species Versus Adaptations for Domesticated Species 142
11.3 How Did Domestication Allow for an Increase in Human Population? 144
11.4 Domestication and Evolution of Agriculture 145
11.5 Is Animal Production Good for Humans and the Planet? 146
11.6 Is Domestication Exploitation? 147
Chapter 12 Animal Welfare: A Good Life for Animals 151
12.1 Introduction 151
12.2 Principal Animal Welfare Issues in Modern Animal Agriculture 152
12.3 Animal Welfare: Observations and Research 154
12.4 Scientific Research 156
12.5 International Approaches to Implementation of Animal Welfare and Their Impacts 160
Chapter 13 Forage-Based Production Systems 163
13.1 Introduction 163
13.2 Forages in Production Systems 164
13.3 Beneficial Effects of Forages 165
13.4 Harvesting and Storing Forage 167
13.5 Forages in Rotations 168
Chapter 14 Cereal-Based Cropping Systems 171
14.1 Introduction: Why Are Seeds of Cereals So Great? 171
14.2 Domestication and Adaptation of Cereals 174
14.3 The Major Cereal Crops in the World 175
14.4 Cropping Strategies with Cereals 178
14.5 Strategies for Improving Cereal Crops to Meet Future Needs 179
Chapter 15 Vegetable-Based Production Systems 181
15.1 The Roles of Vegetable in Human Development 181
15.2 Nutrient Deficiencies 182
15.3 Socioeconomic Impact 183
15.4 Classification Systems of Vegetables 185
15.5 Vegetable-Based Production Systems 187
15.6 Profit Versus Principle 189
Chapter 16 Perennial Fruit and Nut Production Systems 191
16.1 Perennial Woody Plants in Agroecosystems 191
16.2 Economics and Health with Fruit and Nut Crops 193
16.3 Growing Fruits and Nuts 194
16.4 Biotechnology and the Papaya: A Case Study in Hawaii 196
16.5 Almonds and Water: Case Study 197
16.6 Agroforestry and Its Techniques 198
Chapter 17 Aquaculture Production Systems 201
17.1 Aquaculture Must Grow in the Twenty-first Century 201
17.2 The Role of Aquaculture in Human Nutrition 203
17.3 Methods and Energy Efficiency in Finfish Aquaculture 204
17.4 Sustainability of Aquaculture: Global Perspective 208
Chapter 18 Environmental Innovations in Urban Ecosystems 211
18.1 Urbanization Impacts 212
18.2 Is the City an Ecological System? 215
18.3 Urban Ecosystem Services 217
18.4 Water Management 221
18.5 Agriculture/Urban Agriculture 223
18.6 Planning for Urban Land-Use 226
Part Ⅴ Agroecosystem Management: Issues, Problems and Solutions
Chapter 19 Integrated Pest Management (IPM): From Theory to Application 233
19.1 The Importance of Insects 233
19.2 The Development of Integrated Pest Management 235
19.3 Sampling and Monitoring for Insect Pests 236
19.4 Economics of Insect Pest Management 238
19.5 Management Strategies 239
19.6 Insect IPM Case Study 247
Chapter 20 Organic Agriculture: A Model for Sustainability 251
20.1 Overview of Organic Agriculture 251
20.2 Definition, History, and Principles of Organic Agriculture 252
20.3 Organic Standards and Regulations 256
20.4 Organic Production Practices 258
20.5 Organic Production Statistics and Market Demand 263
20.6 Benefits and Challenges of Organic Agriculture 266
20.7 Organic 3.0 267
Chapter 21 Integrated Agroecosystem Management 269
21.1 Introduction: Concepts and Definitions 270
21.2 Integrated Farm Management 271
21.3 Economic Framework to Agroecosystem Management 272
21.4 How Does Government Policy Affect Agroecosystem Management? 276
Chapter 22 Employing an Agroecological Approach to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study from China 279
22.1 Introduction 279
22.2 The Interdisciplinary Nature of Agroecology 281
22.3 Agroecology Practices in China 282
22.4 Connections Between Agroecology and the UN Sustainable Development Goals 284
22.5 Case Studies 284
22.6 Moving Agroecology Forward for the SDGs 292
References 295