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首页> 外文期刊>Frontiers in neuroendocrinology >When is a sex difference not a sex difference?
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When is a sex difference not a sex difference?

机译：什么时候有性别差异而不是性别差异？

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摘要

Brain sexual differentiation in mammals requires activity of gonadal hormones; organizational effects of these steroids on brain development occur early in life while activational ones in adulthood ensure appropriate and timely sex-specific behaviors. This traditional view has long served as a reliable model for sexual differentiation of reproductively relevant brain structures. Here, we take a fresh look at this model but refocused in the context of sexual differentiation of non-reproductive parameters and with an emphasis on the hippocampus, a telencephalic brain structure predominantly involved in cognition and stress regulation. We explore sex differences in morphology, neurochemistry, and hippocampal-dependent behaviors to propose a new prototype that can be used to explain and further investigate the effects of steroid hormones, those synthesized gonadally or intracerebrally, on hippocampal development and function. We also propose that a new vernacular be employed, one that distinguishes hormonally modulated responses from sex differences, and argue these are mechanistically and functionally distinct. Understanding when and how the sexes are different is as important as understanding when and how they are the same, at the biological, social, and cultural level.
机译：哺乳动物的大脑性别分化需要性腺激素的活性。这些类固醇对大脑发育的组织作用发生在生命的早期，而成年后的激活类固醇可确保适当且及时的针对性别的行为。长期以来，这种传统观点一直是生殖相关脑结构性别分化的可靠模型。在这里，我们重新审视了该模型，但将其重新聚焦于非生殖参数的性别差异，并重点研究了海马-主要参与认知和压力调节的海马脑结构。我们探讨了在形态，神经化学和海马依赖性行为方面的性别差异，以提出一个新的原型，该原型可用于解释和进一步研究甾体激素（性腺或脑内合成的激素）对海马发育和功能的影响。我们还建议采用一种新的白话语，它可以将激素调节的反应与性别差异区分开来，并认为这些在机制和功能上都是不同的。在生物学，社会和文化水平上，了解性别差异的时间和方式与理解性别差异的时间一样重要。

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