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Nest Concealment and Nest Defence by Two Passerines: Effect of Protective Nesting Association

机译：筑巢掩盖和筑巢防御由两个雀形目：保护性筑巢协会的影响

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摘要

Selection of favourable micro-habitat conditions at nest-sites and nest defence can beimportant anti- predatory strategies in open-cup nesting birds. In response to nestpredation risks, some species of birds appear to form protective nesting associations inwhich both may gain benefits due to mutual warning and nest defence. Despite the manystudies assessing the impact of various factors on nest defence and nest placement, howinteractions between species while breeding can modify these strategies is still poorlyunderstood. Here I evaluate whether nesting associations in two species influence nestdefence intensity and nest-site selection. An observational approach was used to analysethe defensive behaviours of the Barred Warbler andRed-backed Shrike in an agricultural landscape in easternPoland. Association was determined by the position of the nest with respect to that of theassociated species (by the nest of one species being within the breeding territory of theother). Nest defence behaviour of these two passerines was assessed as their response to ahuman intruder near an active brood. This study showed that the nest size and visibilitywere similar in nest-sites of pairs nesting in association and in spatial isolation.Barred Warblers nesting within shrike breeding territories strongly defended their nests.Warblers breeding alone displayed a lower level of defence than birds nested inassociation. Shrikes not nesting with warblers were significantly more aggressive thanthose breeding in the protective nesting association. I suggest that shrikes tried tocompensate for the lack of assistance by warblers in joint nest defence and were forced toinvest more into defending their own nests. This research suggests that positiveinteractions within the heterospecific network of relations in ecosystems may be one ofthe factors responsible for diversifying the intensity of avian nest defence.
机译：可以选择巢点有利的微生境条件和筑巢防御开杯筑巢鸟类的重要反掠食策略。回应巢捕食风险，某些鸟类似乎在保护区形成了保护性筑巢协会由于相互警告和筑巢防御，两者都可能会受益。尽管有很多研究评估各种因素对巢穴防御和巢穴放置的影响，如何育种可以改变这些策略时物种之间的相互作用仍然很差了解。在这里，我评估两个物种中的筑巢联想是否影响筑巢防御强度和巢穴选择。观察方法用于分析禁止莺的防御行为和东部农业景观中的红背伯劳波兰。关联是由巢相对于巢的位置决定的相关物种（由一个物种的巢位于该物种的繁殖区域内）其他）。将这两个雀形目的巢防御行为评估为它们对活跃巢穴附近的人类入侵者。这项研究表明，巢的大小和能见度在关联和空间隔离的成对嵌套中，它们的巢位相似。在伯劳繁殖地区内筑巢的莺莺坚决捍卫自己的巢穴。莺只繁殖的防御力比巢中的鸟低协会。不与鸣鸟筑巢的箭比在保护性筑巢协会中繁殖的那些。我建议shrikes试图补偿莺在联合巢穴防御中缺乏协助，被迫投入更多资金捍卫自己的巢穴。这项研究表明，积极生态系统中关系的异种关系网络内的相互作用可能是导致禽巢防御强度多样化的因素。

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