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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Clinical and Molecular Allergy : CMA >Immunosenescence in aging: between immune cells depletion and cytokines up-regulation
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Immunosenescence in aging: between immune cells depletion and cytokines up-regulation

机译：衰老中的免疫衰老：在免疫细胞耗竭和细胞因子上调之间

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BackgroundThe immunosenescence is a relatively recent chapter, correlated with the linear extension of the average life began in the nineteenth century and still in progress. The most important feature of immunosenescence is the accumulation in the “immunological space” of memory and effector cells as a result of the stimulation caused by repeated clinical and subclinical infections and by continuous exposure to antigens (inhalant allergens, food, etc.). This state of chronic inflammation that characterizes senescence has a significant impact on survival and fragility. In fact, the condition of frail elderly occurs less frequently in situations characterized by poor contact with viral infections and parasitic diseases. Furthermore the immunosenescence is characterized by a particular “remodelling” of the immune system, induced by oxidative stress. Apoptosis plays a central role in old age, a period in which the ability of apoptosis can change. The remodelling of apoptosis, together with the Inflammaging and the up-regulation of the immune response with the consequent secretion of pro-inflammatory lymphokines represents the major determinant of the rate of aging and longevity, as well as of the most common diseases related with age and with tumors. Other changes occur in the innate immunity, the first line of defence providing rapid, but unspecific and incomplete protection, consisting mostly of monocytes, natural killer cells and dendritic cells, acting up to the establishment of a adaptive immune response, which is slower, but highly specific, which cellular substrate consists of T and B lymphocytes. The markers of “Inflammaging” in adaptive immunity in centenarians are characterized by a decrease in T cells “naive.” The reduction of CD8 virgins may be related to the risk of morbidity and death, as well as the combination of the increase of CD8+ cells and reduction of CD4+ T cells and the reduction of CD19+ B cells. The immune function of the elderly is weakened to due to the exhaustion of T cell-virgin (CD95−), which are replaced with the clonal expansion of CD28-T cells.
机译：背景技术免疫衰老是一门相对较新的章节，与平均寿命的线性延长有关，该寿命始于19世纪，目前仍在进行中。免疫衰老的最重要特征是由于反复的临床和亚临床感染以及持续暴露于抗原（吸入性过敏原，食物等）引起的刺激，导致记忆和效应细胞在“免疫空间”中积累。表征衰老的这种慢性炎症状态对生存和脆弱性具有重大影响。实际上，在以病毒感染和寄生虫病接触不良为特征的情况下，年老体弱的情况很少发生。此外，免疫衰老的特征是由氧化应激引起的免疫系统的特定“重塑”。细胞凋亡在老年中起着核心作用，在这一时期中，凋亡的能力可以改变。凋亡的重塑，发炎和免疫反应的上调以及促炎性淋巴因子的分泌，是决定衰老和长寿率以及与年龄有关的最常见疾病的主要决定因素并伴有肿瘤。其他变化发生在先天免疫中，其第一道防线提供快速但非特异性和不完全的保护，主要由单核细胞，自然杀伤细胞和树突状细胞组成，起着建立适应性免疫反应的作用，但速度较慢，但具有高度特异性的细胞底物由T和B淋巴细胞组成。百岁老人适应性免疫中“发炎”的标志是“天真的” T细胞减少。 CD8处女的减少可能与发病和死亡的风险以及CD8 +细胞的增加和CD4 + T细胞的减少以及CD19 + B细胞的减少有关。老年人的免疫功能由于T细胞原始蛋白（CD95-）耗尽而被削弱，而这些细胞被CD28-T细胞的克隆扩增所替代。

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