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Biological clocks: their relevance to immune-allergic diseases

机译：生物钟：它们与免疫过敏性疾病的相关性

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The 2017 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, awarded for the discoveries made in the past 15 years on the genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating many physiological functions, has renewed the attention to the importance of circadian rhythms. These originate from a central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the brain, photoentrained via direct connection with melanopsin containing, intrinsically light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells, and it projects to periphery, thus creating an inner circadian rhythm. This regulates several activities, including sleep, feeding times, energy metabolism, endocrine and immune functions. Disturbances of these rhythms, mainly of wake/sleep, hormonal secretion and feeding, cause decrease in quality of life, as well as being involved in development of obesity, metabolic syndrome and neuropsychiatric disorders. Most immunological functions, from leukocyte numbers, activity and cytokine secretion undergo circadian variations, which might affect susceptibility to infections. The intensity of symptoms and disease severity show a 24 h pattern in many immunological and allergic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema and chronic urticaria. This is accompanied by altered sleep duration and quality, a major determinant of quality of life. Shift work and travel through time zones as well as artificial light pose new health threats by disrupting the circadian rhythms. Finally, the field of chronopharmacology uses these concepts for delivering drugs in synchrony with biological rhythms.
机译：因在过去15年中在调节许多生理功能的遗传和分子机制方面的发现而获奖的2017年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖使人们重新关注了昼夜节律的重要性。这些起源于大脑上交叉眼上核的中央起搏器，通过与含有黑素的内在光敏性视网膜神经节细胞直接连接而被光en带，并投射到周围，从而产生内在的昼夜节律。它可以调节多种活动，包括睡眠，进食时间，能量代谢，内分泌和免疫功能。这些节律的紊乱，主要是苏醒/睡眠，荷尔蒙分泌和进食的紊乱，导致生活质量下降，并与肥胖，代谢综合征和神经精神疾病有关。从白细胞数量，活性和细胞因子分泌来看，大多数免疫功能都会发生昼夜节律变化，这可能会影响对感染的敏感性。在许多免疫和过敏性疾病（包括类风湿性关节炎，支气管哮喘，特应性湿疹和慢性荨麻疹）中，症状的强度和疾病的严重程度显示出24小时的规律。这伴随着睡眠时间和质量的改变，这是生活质量的主要决定因素。轮班工作和穿越时区以及人造光会破坏生物钟的节奏，从而对健康构成新的威胁。最后，时间药理学领域使用这些概念与生物节律同步地递送药物。

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